20.Group dynamics :
Group dynamics is just a fancy term for psychological processes and behaviors that occur either within a group or between groups.
Professor Paul Paulus, who’s a world renowned authority on brainstorming, estimates that small interacting groups (typically, meaning four or more people) generate only about half as many solutions as the same number of people working alone what’s known as a “nominal group” (a group in name only) that pools its ideas and removes duplicate ideas suggested by more than one person. Why do nominal groups tend to outperform interactive brainstorming groups?
Well, the most obvious reason is probably what psychologists call “production blocking,” the loss in productivity that comes when one person’s talking and everyone else is largely blocked from talking or developing their own ideas. To overcome, or at least minimize, that problem, Professor Paulus suggests alternating between interactive and nominal group approaches.
Whatever the factors, groups often try to move in one coordinated direction, while their group members are moving in all sorts of other directions, which can lead to some complicated and very messy group dynamics.
21.Abilene Paradox :
The Abilene Paradox occurs when the outcome of a group’s actions contradicts the intent of the decision.
For more information, https://psychologenie.com/explanation-of-abilene-paradox-with-examples
22.In group & Out group effects :
As soon as people start categorizing and focusing on groups—whether they’re a member of the group or not—certain psychological processes come into play.
- First, focusing on a group can change how we see the individuals or elements within that group.
- Second, we often end up seeing one group as better or worse than another,
According to social psychologist David Wilder, who published a major review on the topic, people “often assume similarities within groups and differences between groups to a greater degree and across a broader range of characteristics than is warranted by objective evidence.” Once people are grouped, we tend to exaggerate differences between groups and similarities within groups.
You really need positive intergroup contact. But there’s another reason, and that is that intergroup biases don’t always feel like they’re biases, either because they operate outside our awareness or they don’t seem like they’re harming anyone, so they are very slow to change. An example thesis can be found on football below,
http://socialpsychonline.com/2015/07/helping-friends-and-foes-why-we-help-sometimes-and-not-others/
23.By Stander effect :
The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.
For more information, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/bystander-effect
24.Aggression Relation :
So the relationship between media violence and aggression is substantial, it’s causal, and the increase in aggression has been found in interactions among friends, among classmates, strangers, a wide variety of situations, and a wide variety of studies.
The meta-analysis examined 60 different studies and concluded not only that “amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical impact of anthropogenic climate change,” but that the effects on group conflict would probably be even larger than the effects on interpersonal conflict.
25.Third side :
Perhaps the most fundamental way in which the third side can help is to remind the parties of what’s really at stake. Because the thing is, when we’re involved in conflict, it’s very easy to lose perspective. It’s very easy to react. Human beings we’re reaction machines. And as the saying goes, when angry you will make the best speech you will ever regret. And so, the third side reminds us of that, the third side helps us go to the balcony, which is a metaphor for a place of perspective where we can keep our eyes on the prize.
Each of us, with a single step, can take the world, can bring the world, a step closer to peace. There’s an old African proverb that goes: “When spider webs unite, they can halt even a lion.” If we’re able to unite our third side webs of peace, we can even halt the lion of war.
Principled negotiation boils down to four key points :
- First, separate the problem from the people. Don’t get into personal attacks.
- Second, focus on underlying interests, rather than expressed positions. Positions are fine, but they’re not the whole story—you have to dig deeper.
- Third, generate a variety of options before deciding what to do. Don’t narrow your options prematurely.
- Fourth, insist that the result be based on some objective standard: market value, scientific judgment, what-have-you.
26.Empathy :
Effective empathy, has to do with feeling the emotions that someone else feels— what’s sometimes called “emotional matching.” If you feel happy and I empathize, I feel happy. If you feel upset, I feel upset, too.
Cognitive empathy has to do with imagining how someone else thinks or feels, or imagining what you would think or feel if you were in that person’s position. With cognitive empathy, you’re taking the perspective of someone else regardless of whether you’re experiencing the same emotions or not. And of course, thinking and feeling usually go together, so some psychologists talk about empathy as one general trait that has both effective and cognitive components.
Even though empathy is in part genetic, there’s no question that it can be increased through training, through practice, and through certain lifestyle habits. For example, neuro-imaging studies have found that meditation enhances the activation of brain areas that are involved in emotional processing and empathy.
For more information, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BG46IwVfSu8
27.A little on positive psychology :
1.This is something our brains do all the time. When we think about how we’ll feel in the future, our thoughts are shaped by how we feel in the present. It’s as if our brains can’t believe that we might feel differently later than we do now.
2.We all know that feelings inevitably change over time that new love fades, that fresh wounds heal and yet, when we imagine our future joys and our future sorrows, we tend not to think about how time will change them.
3.Surprisingly, there’s a very powerful factor that we rarely think of as important but is essential when it comes to friendship and romantic choices. That factor is known as proximity or closeness not just physical closeness, but social closeness that is, opportunities to interact.
4.Well, in addition to proximity, another factor that’s very important in interpersonal attraction is similarity. Research has shown that people tend to be more attracted to others who are similar to them in age and education level, race and ethnicity, personality and attitudes, economic status, and even certain physical characteristics, such as height, wrist size, and blood type.
5.The physical attractiveness of a date correlates more strongly with a desire to continue dating that person than almost any other factor studied, including judgments of character and the perception of common interests.
6.Similarity is important not only in attraction but in relationship satisfaction. For example, when wives and husbands have similar personalities and interests, they tend to report greater marital satisfaction and happiness. And demographic similarities such as age, education, and religion, are also significant predictors of satisfaction and stability in friendships, romantic relationships, and marriages.
Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it.
Mahatma Gandhi
Programmer Prodigy 